A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Encyclopedia.com. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Omissions? Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. [citation needed]. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. ." The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. (present perfect, tell). - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. ." Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. XIX Century Civil Wars. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces It took nine years of warfare and great loss. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. #ga-ad {display: none;} One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Updates? The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. [2][3]. (February 22, 2023). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Corrections? The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Szczepanski, Kallie. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Grandmother. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Omissions? The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. "White Lotus Rebellion As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods.
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